The modern power distribution networks have been based on the use of protective devices that do not fail when responding to sudden changes in electricity. The origin of these transients can be lightning, switching of loads with high inductance, grid noise, capacitor bank energization or equipment faults. Surge protecting elements, insulation systems, arrestors, breakers in a distribution, and rela...
Devices that are electronic, industrial, car, battery-powered, and field-mounted often work in dusty environments. Small yet at first sight harmless, dust particles will eventually destroy insulation, mechanics, and surfaces of interfaces. After getting into an enclosure, dust is not passive and it can change over time, changing electrical behaviour, surface friction, airflow, and heat dissipation...
The current LED lighting systems no longer have bare power and brightness values in printed packets or packaging. End users require real-life lighting behaviour, i.e. what is the width of the beam, how evenly illuminated an object is, and at what currents will the light remain constant. These values are a subject of laboratory measurements done with a specialized device called a goniophotometer, w...
Photometric testing is still a critical need to light manufacturers, LED modules manufacturers, automotive lamp manufacturers, display manufacturers, and architectural lighting manufacturers. The possibility of defining luminous flux and even measuring spectral power distribution would not be possible without a space in which light is uniform across the board irrespective of emission pattern. The ...
Abstract Ground resistance testing is a fundamental and mandatory inspection for assessing the safety of electrical equipment and systems. A ground resistance tester evaluates the integrity of protective earth connections by injecting a standardized test current and accurately measuring the resultant resistance. This provides the critical quantitative data needed to prevent electric shock, lightni...
Waterproofing is a critical design consideration to current electronic and mechanical designers that consider using their products in wet or outdoor environments. Consumer electronics, industrial controllers, LED outdoor systems, smart sensors, tracking accessories, power units as well as medical electronics should be resistant to frequent exposure to moisture, rainfall, humidity variability, pres...
Abstract In the modern display technology and lighting industries, spectrum testers, also known as spectroradiometers, have become indispensable tools for measuring color, luminance, and spectral power distribution. Their performance is critical for quality control, research and development, and standards compliance. This article delves into the technical principles of fast CCD array-based spectru...
The contemporary product production needs testing in the real environment, rather than laboratory testing on its own, when controlled. Materials, electronics, mechanical structures, and coatings as well as sealing structures will respond differently to changing temperature, moisture, change in pressure and accelerated aging profiles. Industries are dependent on a climatic test chamber that recreat...
Abstract Wavelength Dispersive Spectroscopy (WDS) is a high-precision analytical technique based on Bragg diffraction, which identifies and quantifies elemental composition by precisely measuring the wavelengths of characteristic X-rays. Compared to conventional Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS), WDS offers unparalleled advantages in analyzing trace elements and resolving complex spectral overl...
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